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What’s the principle of electrochemical sensors microns

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1 - INTRODUCTION 

The chemical and biochemical sensors, electrochemical fuel coniiaissent now, as all sensors, a conceptual and technological revolution. This is mainly due to two factors:

- The increasing severity of environmental NameBrowse, food, pharmaceutical, security indiistrielle, home automation ...

- Needs microsensors fabulous bio-compatible or not for medical monitoring and diagnosis.

- The generalization of process automation in the industrial process engineering.

- The second most recent downturn, but in the power of the miniaturization of microelectronics technologies is widespread.

This last point, which determines the possibilities for increasing the production of sensors is very important because it leads noiivelIes ideas on the constitution and methods of use thereof.

Niacrocapteurs an idea that is, sensors centimeter, often with electronic rather difficult (the glass electrode is an excellent example) and used in a unique way it needs to present individual perfomlances remarkable sensitivity and selectivity are reversible particularly appropriate to replace micro-sensors, millimeter, at least, by methods of mass production and iitilisés often together. This mass production is planned a number of properties of the reduction and improved reliability at a very low colit and in particular a natural ability with the clutch traitenient signal integratedSony VGP-BPS13 battery circuits (since this is mass production accordingly cliissique).

This Possibility opens up two important consequences:

- To facilitate First, the analytical signal can correct the disruptive effects of artifacts such as the influence of temperature or other stimuli. This gives the sensors can react spontaneously, ie, "smart".

- Second, the ability to manage multiple sensors to multiplex excerpt from a network in which each element is not responding correctly to the various components of a mixture, but may create by calculating the analytic signal corresponding to each pure. Chemometrics and this is the best known example is to create networks of olfactory recognition (the "electronic nose") (2). This is an opportunity because it is the duty importarite absolutely necessary for sensors chimiclues selectivity, a problem that has time and again their development, which does not dissolve naturally, instead, and the simple reduction triggers. Unlike the Sony VAIO VGN-FW21L battery

Biology and biochemistry and their reactions are, of course, selectively couples each participating enzyme / substrate and anticorpsfantigène contains only small molecules and ions can be distinguished too close, "recognized", easily. The combination of imperfect network microsensors with signal processing circuit, a powerful solution to this problem that will definitely take some weight connected in the coming years.

II - Methods of miniaturization

The current trend towards miniaturization of sensors, chemical, electrochemical, and others.

Miniaturization methods use a combination of techniques, microelectronics, chemical impregnation strong as it is shaped to form three-dimensional structures of metal compounds, semiconductor or dielectric. To run, siiccessivernent, operatioris deposition or erosion of materials in an appropriate sequence of rnicrozoiies are defined by photolithographic methods. A brief summary of the main methods used for the production microsensors is here.

All methods rely on the ability of miniaturization is able to transmit to the projection of light, the image of an opaque mask for defining the shapes of substrates to be processed (usually silicon wafers was here or quartz). The result is photoresist, the photoresist obtained. The HP Mini 1000 battery parts are UV reticiilation cohesion and chemical insolubility strengthened or weakened formatioii hydrophilic groups, are qii'elles second "negative" or "positive". This leads to a selective dissolution of the reasons are more soluble. This geometry allows the "open" window in the shape of the mask defines the access and possibly underlying matter. This is the basis of the production technology "plane" of silicon integrated circuits. for example, silica dissolves provided to facilitate access to silicon, which can then in the following treatment (corrosive attack on the various deposits) have by hydrofluoric acid.

The size Microsensors for common sub-micron resolution, this procedure is usually sufficient, and it is not necessary, except for the LIGA technique, which will see below, using the methods of limitation with rayonnen X-ient or beams electrons used in microelectronics integration very high. Therefore, the reasons are not more than a few Microns in height.

The sample is deposited on a horizontal plate (traction control) rotates at a speed in a controlled temperature conditions assessedby. In this way, the viscosity of the resin results in a repeatable controlled thickness. This is the spin-coating. The units are comparable in size to dust, like all these other micro-fabrication operations are usually in "clean rooms" sprinkled.

2 - The deposition of thin films (about qiielqiies inicromètres or less)

The method is by far the most widely used is the CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). In a reactor with thick walls and generally low pressure (LPCVD), the substrates to be treated in the presence of gases that react in contact with them while traveling in the desired material. To operate at a lower temperature, the Dell Latitude E5500 battery energy can be generated using a plasma (PECVD) or photon (EECVD). The polysilicon, commonly used in the microstructures, is then by the reaction of SiH 4 to 400 ° C is reached, while the silica at 450 ° C, by the action of a mixture of 0 2 S and that this process is often used for the deposition of a dielectric material is to determine the starting point for the treatment of a silicon substrate ERI, the tnermique its oxidation in a dry atmosphere of oxygen or wet, which allows growth of the single silica extremely smooth.

Another method, the growth of oxide layers, is very simple for now is that the soaking method

Approach is based on a sol-gel. Metal alkoxides are immersed in an appropriate alcohol and as a sample to be coated milieii precurseurs.L in the solution and then slowly extracted, to obtain a steam bath desired by hydrolysis-polycondensation, Co ~ IC. A trriiteinent therniique is therefore necessary to convert the gel into oxidized compounds. The having a thickness of 100 to 300 nm. The spin-coating has already been described for distributing the photoresist. There is also widespread,in particular, for distributing polymers in a solvent which is then evaporated dissolved.

For the deposition of metals, is the most common method of thermal evaporation. Sealing is carried into the chamber at low pressure (0 to ~ 1 Torr) obtained by Joule effect evaporation (tungsène resistance wire or molybdenum) is performed. The object is directed towards the source of metal atoms. 2 shows that the deposit is a metal pattern on the surface of the resin on the entire surface. Remove the resin layer by immersion in a solvent, it breaks at the junction of the thin window. This method is a widely used method of "lift-off." Other methods that the thermal process is used to piilverisation atom, such as ion bombardment (sputtering) or electronically.

3 - Deposits of thick film materials

In its natural form, screen printing is a process that an opaque pattern on a transfer gate cutting wires on a substrate with a paste which is forced by the free part of himself, is established. With its principle, the method requires no photolithography processes, but the lateral resolution is much lower. Cooking also helps solidify the paste, which is passed through the system. This is a process widely used for ceramic inserts.

Pulp (or ink) are sensitive to light with respect to current, is now the process of photolithography.

4 - The erosion of the material (etching) (3-5)

It is gas or ion faqon niilieu (erosion by plasma) or is carried out in a liquid medium (chemical erosion) is.

In the first method, substances are extracted ion bombardment photolitho graphiees windowing. For layers of resin, this attack can withstand, while deep wells can be dug by a few hundred nanometers, with a small surface. Erosion can be mechanical, when management essentiellenient ions from the surface of an electronic box, inert materials, such as argon ions.

It may be the chemical nature, when the reactive molecules are used. Siliciiim erosion is achieved by a

SFG + Cl 2 plasma and that of silica from a CF4 + H2 plasma.

In the second of these methods is the liquid medium to attack the name of the etchant. The attack is done by simply soaking in the milieii. This is an oxidative corrosion, if the attack is rapid, resulting in an isotropic solution, and if it is slow, which differ by a resolution in the anisotropic crystal planes of single crystals Etch rates vary widely (6-7). To monocrystalline silicon, in the usual manner quickly etchant CP-4A, nitric acid mélande, hydrofluoric acid and acetic acid, while a 44% potassium hydroxide has a strong action anisotropic 85oC. In the latter case, the erosion rate plans <Ill> tens to hundreds of times lower Plans, the <1 IO> and <100>. If the level is, the silicon wafers are processed, wherein the plane <100> practice window whose sides are parallel to the plane obtained <1 10>, for example, shaped slots of inclination with respect to vertical openings, 35 '3.

The use of masks with an appropriate form, several levels of attack and the shape of the window, it is possible with this method

Anisotropic resolution three-dimensional shapes to build, but are limited in height to the thickness of a few micrometers of the resin. 3 by reference numeral 7, which is the principle of generating a beam of high silica.

5 - Production process according to the method of microobiets sacrifice layers

Play on the stack of layers, usually by CVD, dielectric materials (SiO2, Si3N4) or metal (Al) or silicon polycristaIlin and use of selective solvent, it is possible, some of them are dissolved in dissolving insoluble material parts.

Be carried out, as above, the flat objects, instead of actual three-dimensional. Parts are usually identified

The polysilicon layers and eliminated silice.La Figure 4 shows how to rotate a space, remove the circular symmetry. This is a technological revolution has introduced this method in recent years. It is represented by the generation of electrostatic micro-motor of several hundred microns in diameter.

6 - Process and Dar fabncation microobiets tithomaphie LIGA process. Galvanoformun Abdformund

Production methods described above have the disadvantage of allowing a limited relief. LIGA technology, of German origin, overcomes this disadvantage by UV radiation, but X-ray and polymethyl methacrylate resins suitable materials. Articles having a thickness of several hundred microns can be produced. Intense sources of X-rays are necessary to avoid lengthy operations are necessary, and we are therefore led to the use of synchrotron radiation. The method is expensive.

Production of items Dell Studio XPS 16 Battery made by the openings in the resin filler metal (Ni, Cu) deposited electrolytically. When many voices to be done, either by injecting a resin into the metal matrix and with this form, works in the negative, as a form where there is a new electrolytic growth of the property stated metal.A short, it should add a few special techniques, special production. This is the case for example the production of porous silicon for the anodic oxidation of silicon hydrofluoric acid environment. The erosion of the material in the form of a network of canals, is a few tens of nanometers to thermal oxidation plus.Par iitiliser stabilizes this structure as a porous. We know how important this is in electrochemistry. It is also the case of welding glass-silicon or silicon-silicon, welding can electrostatically (and chemical) when the plates of the material web is formed.

III - Micro Sensors

With the arsenal of the provision of micro-manufacturing process, you get the choice of micro-object.

The analysis of the literature shows that both channels are being used to miniaturize the sensors. The first is simply overwhelming Macro Sensors Ilne shown. The second is based on chemical sensitization or "functionalization" of devices based on oriented, reflected the transformation undergone by a recognition element (probe or receiver) in contact with species from a physical effect that always ends detects an electrical signal. This translation device called a transducer.

As it is rare that the conditions for the use of microsensors a comparable level of miniaturization required for the chip, an object size of millimeter wave sensors are in fact as a microsensor. Miniaturization technologies are not taken to extremes here.

A prime example is the classical Sony VGP-BPS13 batteries amperometric Clark electrode for the determination of dissolved oxygen by cathodic reduction itself. A planar realization of this sensor is based on Swiss Centre dtElectronique and Microtechnology is based. On a silicon substrate is oxidized to be deposited, surrounded by the use of conventional techniques of integrated circuits, the two electrodes, the thin layer has a silver cathode by an anode centrdle Ag / AgCl. A hydrogel used as an electrolyte is then passed through a silicone membrane, which is held guided ensures the penetration of oxygen.

emple is a micro-sensor d'oxygene gaseous zirconia is based. In this sensor, the solid electrolyte layer (here SCZ) is formed by screen printing. The flow of oxygen in the electrolyte CSZ, conductive O -, can be actuated to the cell in the system of diffusion through a porous platinum electrode 6. The reference electrode consists Ilne PdPdO.

A final example, the enzyme glucose electrode. It contains a reference electrode AdAgCl, a cathode, which is the reduction of hydrogen peroxide by the enzymatic reaction and the electrode against. Glucose polyiiréthane a membrane, the membrane keeping the glucose oxidase.

2 - Functionalization of microtransducers

Microtransducers were reviewed, dell inspiron 1300 batteries electronic components whose natural ability, the most interesting devices with piezoelectric materials and optical fibers to integrate. All are used in an aqueous medium, but only the electrochemical nature. Although the passive components, resistors and capacitors are widely used, these are the active components of field effect transistors current. The acronym FET (field effect transistors) is commonly used to identify and are used as sensors, ISFET (ion sensitive FET), if the ENFET ions for sensors and IMMUNOFET enzymes seen ( immunosensors) are determined. It is this kind of sensors, which show an example that the work of different types of functionalization.

A field effect transistor in silicon is a component niodification a MOSFET (FET semiconductor metal oxide) as

In a silicon wafer, typically p-type heavily doped two enclaves N (N +) are or drain and source of electrons that move in the network with the creation of a silica-drain oxide ~ i created C.et

The effect of the field in the semiconductor by an appropriate bias voltage between the surface and the surface which is applied niétallisation

Rear of the component. Metallizations other than the drain and the source (so-called contact "ohmic"), the input and output Stream ID is to be the analytical signal.

In Figure 8 of the electron density of points (electron-rich zone N, P Band electron-poor). In the absence ofelectrical bias between the A and B, no current flows between drain and source, as there are now two pn junctions in opposition.

The application of a negative bias voltage VG on the grid in series, on the basis of the facearrière, the electric field pushes the electrons in the conduction band and is always equal to zero.

If we reverse this polarization, the electrons accumulate in the door (such as accumulation) in a very thin channel source.L between the drain and the occurrence of the drain current ID of a given VT- value of the gate voltage is obtained which guarantees that the threshold Dell XPS M1530 batteries voltage.

The removal of the metallization of the gate dielectric, the devices for electrical loads, which may be present to collect on the surface is bare or membrane recognition sensitizer. This is what is done wherein the liquid medium provided that the electrical continuity between the outer surface of the dielectric and the modified base with a reference electrode.

Occurs in the chain of possible VG, the voltage drop on the surface of the dielectric changed. When the type of attachment is "detected", then the receiving surface is fixed, causes a change of this document, which leads to a change in threshold SONY VGP-BPS9/B voltage VT and the translation of the VGID to generate characteristic of the sensor. Such devices can then Operation with a constant or VG ID.

This raises the question of functionalization. As we can see some dielectric properties? Given different answers to this question remains of which are relevant to other types of sensors as described above are used. The book will be consulted with profit Janata égard.a they are - last ROF ~ ~ idt are himiques ropriétésc the dielectric surface in aqueous media, the conventional dielectric (Si02, Si3N4, silicon oxi ...) hydrolyze s' superficiellenient the silanol Si - OH. This hydrolysis is also observed for other dielectrics such as Ta205 or Al203. The acid-base-X - OH, then the appearance of a positive surface charge at acidic pH leads formed (or more precisely, at pH values ​​below the point of zero charge PZC) for these surfaces form clusters X OH2 + and negative charge at higher pH-X group forming. The ionic equilibrium between the surface and the immersion solutions, in response to a potential proton Nernst, leading to 59 mV per pH unit. PH sensors of this type are currently on the Dell XPS M1210 Battery market, particularly in France.

b - ~ odt receptors and membrane inorraniaues

Many inorganic membranes for the detection of the membrane are promising ions.Une, for example coiistitiiée NASICON (Na 3 Zr2Si2P012) for the detection of alkali metal ions. Although other membranes and insoluble and are involved in ion exchange between himself and the solution, and, in principle, a Nernst response. This is particularly the case in LaF3 membrane or aluminosilicate glass. These membranes are generally used by good adhesion is an important parameter for the duration of the sensors, but unfortunately a relatively small number of Dell Inspiron 1420 Battery materials for such use.

c - ~ From odt and membrane receptor-organic

As a macro-electrodes, we are looking for immobilization of receptor molecules in an organic protective film. The best example is the reaction of PVC membranes of large molecules, including valynomicine, for the detection of potassium ions is known. The method has a greater diversity due to the large number of available molecules (ionophores complexing, chelating agents, crown ethers), but suffer in general have poor adhesion of the membranes on the substrate and a carrier inophores often insufficient in resin at home. There is also the problem of the dissolution of plasticizers (16). Finally, when the thick membrane siiffisamn-ient, we can reduce the conductivity as Dell Inspiron E1405 Battery gate insulator and an increase in reaction time.

D - ~ The ion lantationd

Some results were published in the field of use of ion implantation of artificial ion conduction. Examples include work by Pham of monovalent ions in the silica plant. Method suffers from a very limited number of possibilities and examined.

Recently, functionalization niethode insulating substrates has been proposed, in particular silicon by grafting onto the surface of the resulting string long with a temperature INADL group recognition silanized E ~. This is achieved by chemical reaction of these molecules with silanol groups, which is already established on the surface of a dielectric made treatment with chromic acid.

Regardless of the method was, can also be applied to the formation of coiiches released to be used to correct a large n ~ olecules biochemical and biological recognition.

All the functionalization of microsensors mCthodes microtransducers rkalisation was pretty good, but usually only expect malheureusenlent sklectifs douCs qualitCs the future, which is the claim of objects through the Collective fabriquCs mCthodes. We can then espCrer actuellernent these microsensors in the near future, problbmes rCponse many analytical chemists currently available.

Other news :HP Pavilion DV6 battery

The reason that the technology eradicated poverty?

In 2004, like many enthusiasts, Kentaro Toyama for telecentres in India, where for a computer, children learn to computer, a few hours use per month in a language he does not speak because he had found in Retawadi, India. At that time, Kentaro Toyama Microsoft Research computer VGP-BPS13/Q Battery responsible for the initiation of a laboratory in Bangalore. He was also the headquarters of the ICT4D (Information and Communication Technologies for Development), an association for the advancement of information technology and communications (ICT) for development. At this point, promotes Indian Telecentre ICT4D, promoted by external organizations (NGOs, universities, companies) to accelerate the socio-economic growth is promoted with the objectives of profit and nonprofit, the telecentre was social services for community and income for the local businessman who operated the call center.

The hopes of the 2000s: technology, development of solutions?

"Some telecentres have been successful. An operator in South India, the culture of saving okra how a farmer speaks with an expert from the University to give. Another boasted of its sales after the opening of Sony VGP-BPS13computer training center tripled. When headlines were flattering, "Soybean farmers in India to the global village", "The introduction of digital villages, the Indians away," "Farmers like the Kenyans cheer the savior of the Internet potatoes "."

"These stories of great hope for telecentres: Distance learning enables each child a scientist, telemedicine can address the shortcomings of the health system in rural areas of developing citizens, local bypassing corrupt officials ... Ashok Jhunjhunwala, a member of the Science Advisory Indian Prime Minister even suggested that the income was telecentres in rural villages doubled. Agronomist Monkombu Swaminathan, the father of the "green revolution" in India, for what is called a call center set up in each of the 000,640 villages. Other countries followed suit and brought their own national tele-centers. "

"Driven to the excitement of telecentres to spread throughout the rest of ICT4D. Personalities of technology and development in the fire. At the time, Nicholas Negroponte, founder of One Laptop Per Child project (One Laptop Per Child OLPC) project to cheap laptops hp pavilion dv4 battery for poor children, escalated said: "Children in Third World countries need new technologies, especially in the rugged hardware and innovative software." Kofi Annan has publicly supported the project, said Edward Friedman, director of the Center for Technology Management for Global Development, ".. There is an urgent need for information technology in the use of health care in rural southern sub-Saharan Africa to implement "A recent survey by the BBC showed that 79% of 28 000 adults surveyed, agreed, especially in rich countries with the statement that" the Internet access should be a fundamental right of all peoples "."

In fact, success has rarely, fleetingly, distributed ...

However, Kentaro Toyama acknowledges the success of ICT4D are rare, fleeting and sown. A Retawadi, India, the owner of the telecentre barely managed $ 20 of income per month, while hardware costs, electricity, connectivity and maintenance totaled at least $ 100.

"Over a period of five years, I went in about 50 telecentres throughout South Asia and Africa. The vast majority were very similar to Retawadi. Telecentre operators could not live and available services were poor. Most of them have the same fate as the Telecentre Retawadi closed. Shortly after the opening of the telecentre research, although limited in scope and severity, confirmed my observations on the constant under-performance. "

"New technologies for the optimism and exuberance that are often disappointed by the reality," said Kentaro Toyama. Observers scholars have shown why the Telecentre ICT4D initiatives have failed: in most cases, the design is adapted to the context It is incompatible with the local socio-cultural norms, work it into serious consideration the shortcomings of the structure of the existing visual relationships to the local governments on local services to meet the needs of a business model sustainable ...

The penetration of technology is not progress: Technology is a magnifying glass

ICT4D projects carried out in many areas (education, microfinance, agriculture, health) and with different technologies (computers, mobile phones, electronic devices built to order ...). "Depends on each project, the impact of technology from around the intent and ability to manipulate people," said Kentaro Toyama. The success of projects of  computers HP Pavilion dv7 battery  in schools was based on the support of dedicated teachers and administrators. The process of micro-credits for mobile phones with micro-finance organizations are actually worked. ICT4D projects, which have the most success, it is the partner organizations that have made hard work of real development, ICT4D simply assist and support their efforts.

"If I had all I need is to combine the learning of ICT4D: .. Technology - regardless of their form, even if it is brilliant - will increase the capabilities and intentions of people, there is no substitute when you have one based on competent and well-meaning, then what is the appropriate technology to improve their HP 484170-001 Battery capacity and performance at astounding. "In other cases, not the technology, how to turn a difficult situation. The arrival of the Internet in villages is not enough to change it." Technology is a magnifying glass, because their effect is multiplicative, but terms of social change, it does not add. In developed countries there is a tendency for the Internet and other technologies, as seen, necessarily additive, because the contributors to add a positive value. But their contributions positive are subject to the absorptive capacity of users are often absent in the Third World. The technology has a positive influence on the extent to which people are willing and able to use it positively. The challenge of international development, the independence of the potential of poor communities, the ability to work well intentioned, is a scarce resource and technology can not compensate for this deficit. "

The techno-utopia, which are the widespread use of technology solutions designed accordingly to believe that poverty and other social problems, a trend similar to the penetration of technological progress to be made available. OLPC for example, Kentaro Toyama attack, promotes his computer, based on self-learning and pays little attention to education, the reality of the faculty, programs or school systems in which it is used. "The name of the OLPC is based on currently available technology-based core, while some of us prefer to be trained on the  Sony VGP-BPS8 Battery for his own children." This myth of the scaling of technology is also the religion of the telecentre proponents, who believe the arrival of the Internet in the villages, it is sufficient to transform them. And the same myth is still with the phone, when the New York Times as "the phone, poverty in the world to end?" The statement that "the threat of the proliferation of mobile phones are potentially revolutionary."

The techno-utopia is easier to believe

"Revolutionary! The myth of the scale is interesting because it is easier to achieve than it is because of changes in social behavior and human resource capacity. To speak, in other words, it is much less painful for hundreds of thousands of computers that offer a real education Buy hundreds of thousands of children. It is easier to manage a health hotline to convince text messages to people in the water before cooking. It is easier for an application that people know where they can buy drugs, as to convince them that the writing of the drug is good support for their health, it seems clear that the promise of the scale is an illusion, but its promoters often rely on this argument whether consciously or unconsciously -. -. their solutions "Promoting Estimates of annual expenditure for technology development are hard to find, but they range from several tens to several hundreds of millions of billions of dollars over estimated Kentaro Toyama. The development cost of the OLPC is about half the budget, that India is dedicated to the education of its students, an amount mostly spent on teacher salaries. But what sense can the cost of a computer, while 0.5 million will be used to provide medication to reduce the incidence of lead parasites, diseases, and a year and a school population of 25%?

Supporters of the development of technology tend to push for technology funding. "If OLPC claims to be, an educational project, more than a technology project at the same time, it is expected that governments spend $ 1-100000000 laptop," said Kentaro Toyama. Hamadoun Toure, Secretary General of the International Telecommunication Union reported that "governments should consider the Internet as a basic infrastructure such as roads, waste treatment and water supply." "But in terms of poverty extreme, to invest in providing broad access to the downfall of the Internet necessarily in the order of spending on sanitation and transport to competition, "recalls the strength of common sense Kentaro Toyama.

"For the technology could work in any way, if the technology is more for the poor, less educated, it's for the rich and powerful well-trained, but the opposite occurs. The technique helps the rich get richer while they do something for the poor, so that the gap between the haves and have-nots. "

Why digging technology makes the gap between rich and poor?

Technology widens the gap between rich and poor through three mechanisms explained Kentaro Toyama:

The different approach: Technology is always accessible to the rich and powerful. It costs money, acquisition, operation, maintenance and update. And the digital divide exists, even if the technology is fully funded. For example, most public libraries in the United States offer free access to the Internet, but the poorest less free time to visit them and harder to master, as to meet the costs of transport, in particular, he argues . In addition to the social barriers: Many rural telecentres in developing countries are not available, the less privileged in their villages because of the social order, the problems of caste, tribe or gender.

Besides the material tends to be for the rich content and software that are designed, written for people with disposable income. Although the products seem to be free, such as televisions, they are often advertisers, helps consumers more disposable income. The result is that the poor are further disadvantaged. India has more than twenty languages ​​nationally recognized, however, almost all software used in the English language, making it difficult for people to read and write in their local languages, dealing with computers. And this trend is self-reinforcing itself ". If a technology is not for someone not to buy have designed, and when not to buy, Sony VGP-BPS9 Battery manufacturers do not develop good design "

It is possible to fight against these different access, said Kentaro Toyama, but how the telecentre projects in action. "But are progressive practices in technology is not very effective on their own because of the differences, besides the equipment can not be undone. Playing field, they do not relate to underlying problems, inequalities between the players themselves. "

Different social groups, even if the difference in access to technology by the universal diffusion of technology, the differential capacity in the areas of education, social skills and social ties are met, it is. Using the same technology, after his studies, his confidence in himself, his social environment, organizational Sony VGP-BPS9/b Battery capacity ... Two people are not the same advantages of shooting in the same technology. "With a limited capacity in terms of literacy, education, social, political influence, the value of the technology itself is limited."

A third mechanism contributes to the widening gap between the privileged and the excluded: In order to use the difference. To find out what people want with the technology they have access? "Many of us were surprised to learn that the poor are in no hurry online education, care practices, or develop job skills. Instead, they are technology, intended primarily for entertainment. Telecentres many people in videos on YouTube Upload expert, but use them as an accounting software or access to a language course. Even in developed countries have the technology, the first game and entertainment. And this trend is even more pronounced among people with low self-confidence and the knowledge of their growing impotence.

"I do not blame the victim. None of these mechanisms is not the absence of one of those who leave the poor and uneducated. Whether it is to blame, but the historical circumstances, social structures, and the refusal of rich countries, in a large - invest in the quality of universal education is indeed a good reason to value education in the fact that 'it creates the desire and ability, the modern tools -. One more reason to focus on the development of human potential, rather than trying to compensate for the limitations of technology. "

This leads to technical progress?

North America, Western Europe, Japan and some other blessed reached its economic status of economic power, long before digital technology. Its peak of production and consumption of Dell Studio 1537 Battery information technology can do more than the result of economic progress, can be interpreted as a primary cause, said Kentaro Toyama.

Previous requests for information and communication in developing countries have not made directly to the socio-economic progress, as shown in the example of television. Television has certainly positive effects: the economist Robert Jensen and Emily Oster has shown (pdf) How TV has developed in urban areas from rural social settings Pierce Indian women .. A nonprofit organization, the Population Media Center, explicitly, this principle applies to birth rates and influence the practice of health care in developing countries by the soap with positive social messages. While it is encouraging to note Kentaro Toyama. But the influence of television on development to term expectations so far away.

In 60 years, Wilbur Schramm, the father of Communication Studies and co-founder of the department of communication at Stanford, described in the Information and National Development, hopes that television accounted for Education and Development. It should be noted that these hopes have not materialized. "Whatever the potential of television, it failed to promote large-scale development, even if it has spread everywhere", whether in developed countries than in developing countries.

"My goal is not to say that technology is useless. To the extent we are willing and able to develop the technology for the positive, it has a positive effect. For example, Digital Green (DG), one of the most successful projects in ICT4D, I supervised at Microsoft Research encourages the use of videos to teach small farmers how to have better agricultural practices. When it comes to persuading farmers to adopt best practices, DG is ten times more profitable than conventional farming. "

"But the value of technology is subject to the motivations and Sony VGP-BPS18 Battery capacities of organizations seeking to use" remember Kentaro Toyama, "the villagers must be organized, the content must be produced and teachers must be trained." The limiting factor in the spread of the impact of DG, such is not based on the number of cameras that organizers can buy or how many videos they can produce, but on how many groups have good initial practice. If the initial groups are few, the institutional capacity building is the most difficult. In other words, "the diffusion of technology is easy but to maintain the rights and organizations that have made the proper use is critical."

After the computer, the laptop?

"Technology is only a magnifying glass, not only in development elsewhere. No one thinks that we can turn a losing business simply by injecting new computers, but well-managed companies can benefit, for example, computerized supply chain. A gun in good hands protects citizens and maintaining peace in the wrong hands, it kills and oppresses. modern industrial technology increases our ability to produce, but also amplifies our desire to consume. On a planet with limited resources, it may also sign our ruin. Dell Latitude 2110 Battery History also shows that the technology of democracy can be easily diverted in the absence of civic education: if they are too confident, or if they are not willing and able to implement the necessary checks and balances Computing, weapons, factories and democracy are powerful tools, but the. forces that determine how they are used at the end are human beings. "

This seems obvious, but it is forgotten in the rush to scale, said Kentaro Toyama. Currently, the international development community through a love affair with the mobile phone. The work of Robert Jensen and Jenny C. Aker show that mobile phones can eliminate certain types of information inefficiencies in the Compaq Presario CQ61 markets of the developing world (see for example: The impact of mobile telephony on the functioning of markets in sub-Saharan Africa (PDF).). Encouraged by this discovery and the high penetration of mobile telephony, foundations and institutions for the development have formed working groups and to encourage the development of entire departments dedicated to mobile. In these circles, it is not possible to discuss microfinance and health not to mention the mobile.

"The technology lens, however, suggests that it is a unilateral vision of mobile telephony. For it is not only the intentions of production that are amplified by the mobile phone. When a rickshaw puller who earns a dollar a day pays his operator for the privilege to change the tone, it generated a net benefit to himself or to society? "Kathleen Diga, University of KwaZulu Natal found that some households in Uganda has given priority to the talk time on mobile rather than nutrition or the purchase of drinking water (see the pdf of the paper.). Sociologist Jenna Burrell noted that mobile phones exacerbate relations of domination between the sexes: men using mobile phones as tools of sexual exchange.

While the mobile phone has become the most widespread technology electronics, watching television and radio, with 4.5 billion active accounts affecting 80% of the world, one might think that high indicate that there is no digital divide for real-time communications. Yet studies show that non-Toshiba PA3465U-1BRS battery users are mostly poor, single women and men "politically dumb," concludes Kentaro Toyama. "However, if the spread of mobile phones is enough to make poverty history, we will not soon know," quips researcher. "But if not, when will we see again our hopes on the gadget of the brand new future that we propose in the developing world?"

BATTERIES FOR EV: The CEA is a global challenge

"In one year, the CEA left the laboratory pre-industrial revolution, so that its platform and its employees," said Mattera Florence, responsible for the transport of the CEA.Dedicated to Grenoble, over € 20 million investment, including the extension of a research platform for the production of a new generation of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles - has done since September 2009.

Hundreds of scientists for the Department of Transportation hired 200 engineers working today. ECA and began a partnership with Renault for Flins battery technology (Yvelines) to improve.

Research Focus

Research on electric SONY VGP-BPS13 batteries is one of the "priority sectors" of the CEA, which fell to the emergence of a market in all major global manufacturers meet, said the director of the CEA in Grenoble, Jean Therme. But three years ago, CEA, on drums for a decade about to leave this area of ​​research by the lack of opportunities in the industry, he said.

"Manufacturers may not have the importance of this activity are seen. And then there was the Grenelle Environment "in 2007, which provided" the development of this important industrial sector, after the bath.

The committee hopes to one day compete with the Asians, with its experience in mobile phone batteries, "are difficult in the market for batteries for electric vehicles," admits Ms. Mattera.

"Europeans have a deck of cards. The battle for the first generation of batteries, "a range of 150 kilometers," not lost, "he said.

Iron-Phosphate batteries

The position of CEA as the manufacture of wholesale batteries based on iron phosphate, a material that is presented is based as the face of competitive and secure Asia-oriented manganese.

Use a great job on the possibilities of technology to reduce costs and increase reliability has been done, the outlook for the year 2015 to produce the batteries for a range of 300 km for a pure electric car, says Mattera.

Also Chambery, engineers from CEA, the National Institute of solar energy, batteries subjected to all kinds according to the extreme conditions (cold, heat) and practice "post-mortem evidence of" life expectancy and understanding of recycling.

Electric Car: The Challenges of batteries

What VET studies Energies new batteries?

V-MS: We are working on two batteries, a lot of energy, such as nickel-metal hydride or lithium-ion battery, the power of money supercapacitors. These studies are hybrids of the demonstrator project and prototype electric vehicles conducted to test and validate technologies.

Our goal is twofold: models and electrochemical phenomena in thermal batteries that can be integrated into simulation platforms, the size of the vehicle architecture, and improving the diagnosis of the current state of the battery to describe development.

Why should properly assess the health and state of charge of batteries?

V-MS: in hybrid vehicles, battery storage provides a reversible, intermittent and energy. To optimize the management, it is important to know, accurately, and at any time, depending on battery condition, "the state of charge", and the advantages of creating a way for maximum " health "of the actual Pavilion DV4 battery is his life. But today it is difficult in real time a reliable estimate of the two parameters. This leads to large safety margins for producers, reducing the range of batteries do. If the integrated monitoring of these parameters (BMS) was correct, it would be possible to run longer, reducing the size of the battery - which is now too big - to change less often, which increases costs.

You have the results in this area?

V-SM: In-house, in the context of the ALIDISSI (National Research Agency) NRA we conducted in 2008-2009 with the CEA, CNRS and the living company, we have a method for diagnosing board developed the electrical impedance. It involves applying a current to the battery and the resulting voltage to increase the amount is a cost accuracy, reliability, and health. Already validated in the laboratory, this work would soon lead to a prototype sensor.

Another problem is the aging of batteries ...

J-B: Yes. Let us examine this phenomenon in the context of the ANR research. This is on a dynamometer to simulate the aging of HP 484170-001 batteries for hybrid vehicles, the reproduction of an accelerated phase of activity, especially the acceleration and braking of the vehicle. Thus, these data and models for predicting lifetime to incorporate these elements in real operating conditions. We also have phases where immobilization of the battery is broken.

Give examples of projects, demonstration ...

V-MS: The bottom of the demonstration project ELLISUP ADEME (Agency for Environment and Energy Management Agency), followed by Irisbus Iveco, for example, in 2012, is a prototype of 12 meters to reach all electric buses. We offer a variety of ways: characterization of cells of the battery thermal modeling of the package and the sizing of the cooling system and finally the development of control algorithms.

JB: We work from the project HYDOLE PSA Peugeot Citroën. This vehicle is designed to operate in electric during the week, when the drivers to work, but uses heat stroke or other hybrid, especially on weekends. With the CEA and EDF, we compare different battery technologies currently are being tested on the test beds for different operating systems and aging.

Clould Tags:HP DV4 battery,wholesale batteries

Start with a 3D notebook market?

When the handset is compatible with PC SONY VGP-BPL9 manufacturers to develop 3D products, analysts moderately enthusiastic. These gadgets are mostly with the players (players) is important to prevent the spread of material limitations tartalominoseg 3D and had high prices. (The basis of the above information tererzekeltetes cikkünkbol 3D.)

In recent months, the best known manufacturers of 3D notebooks are used and provide coverage for their sizes widescreen laptop 15.6 to 17.3 inches. Asus, Lenovo and Toshiba,  toshiba satellite a100, 3D is not cheap, the cheapest is $ 2100, but the good 3-D glasses for a customer with whom it is possible to control the depth of 3D content. To discourage the desire to experience multimedia users looking for new products.

Analysts say that despite the limited other attractive models 3D-acceptance is to be expected, even with people who are already looking for the latest hardware. The high price and a very limited amount of 3D content, consumer confidence weakens.

New Age or just a "Ficsor"?

The SONY VGP-BPL13 laptop manufacturers try to sell the 3D technology as a management PC, with a whole new way, a new era - said Roger Kay, president of consultancy Endpoint Technologies Associates. But players are not interested because they are usually the first to receive the latest hardware for a richer experience. "Others will wait for enough interesting content is not available for them" - said Kay.

John Jacobs, researchers at DisplaySearch notebook market realized that they felt that the smaller models to screen size, even a player that interests you, then. - "If the goal is to be able to play more in the world of sight, then the largest screen possible for you" want to buy - says Jacobs.

Without Reeves, laptops SONY VGP-BPS13 and PCs in the sale of Falcon Northwest CEO, said he did not leglelkesebbeknek who want the latest version. Reeves is no significant additional costs associated with a 3D view, as a buyer willing to pay a problem laptopert passionate. Falcon Northwest is demanding goal, the cheapest laptop costs $ 1500 model, the performance of powerful desktop for $ 4,000 to avoid.

Reeves is a very optimistic attitude towards clients - "Even if you do not use very often, I do not see why anyone would not want 3D capabilities, such as games or enjoy the movie These are the serious buyers that the láncostul portable clock. Away. "

Detroit theater enthusiasts - slow diffusion

A big fan, Amanda Farouge about $ 1000 for the price seems reasonable for a label 3D display. Usually MMO (Massive Multiplayer Online) game and have fun shooting, is convinced that 3D interactivity for the game "I think the 3D depth to the game, was especially FPS (First Person Shooter) and the action-adventure genre intact, "- said Farouge, the publisher of the game and play areas webdizajner web pages.

For now, however, the widespread adoption of 3D display - there are only limited data from DisplaySearch - including monitors and laptops. The research firm predicts that the market this year has sold 179,000 units are expected to reach 217.8 million, while a standard (non 3D) SONY VGP-BPS8 laptop screens are then sold. Sales of notebook 3D 2011 will be achieved by a number of pieces, 611,000 in 2012, but 1.7 million is expected, which is still a small and then the whole market.

Analysts said companies will palettajukon 3D models yet, but would be the 3D content consumers to produce much more expensive. Even the players are not all by new technologies, gamers and game designers Gina trains affected, to wait, for example, to buy a laptop HP 484170-001  in 3D ", while a good support is added, and have as many toy manufacturers and media companies behind us being fed. "Gina trains role elmelyedos friendly and affectionate, and his interest in the people he meets an attractive 3D game. Others are not as essential for stereoscopic vision.

Games and films

For the studies and content providers such as ESPN, you see the profit potential in 3D, but is still in film and television, embraced the idea of ​​theater. The game shows at E3, recent reports that focus the 3D game development on consoles. Nintendo introduced the 3DS is a portable gaming device around, while Sony has a 3D game for the PlayStation 3

Some SONY VGP-BPS13/Q PC game developers have also announced new games. The Crytek promised that the PC version of Crysis 2 will be available in 3D, EA will be displayed. It is true that the kit manufacturer Nvidia, the property can be said that we have around 100 + games.

PC maker in the film industry to adapt are interested, are designed laptops to be used for playback of 3D movies. The NVIDIA G53 offers to play G73JW Asus and Toshiba Dynabook TX/98MBL Blu-ray 3D Album. The new Lenovo IdeaPad Y560d is another technology that can play Blu-ray 3D, but is capable of 2D content can be converted terhatasuva films.

Samsung says the online game 3D films are shown in the last quarter of the year, and YouTube have begun experimenting with 3D content. SONY VGP-BPS10 NVIDIA 3D video streaming of live product demonstration at the Microsoft Silverlight technology in video player. Most people experience with both platforms, and will likely be used for stereoscopic viewing.

Compatibility and bandwidth

Offer the cheaper, the Dell Studio 1537 Battery customer satisfaction is one of the more 3D TVs, said Stephen Baker, an analyst at NPD Group, the industry leader. To monitor (Panasonic 3D cinema in our review here), a TV at the same time more people, while the laptop is simply a 3D experience. "We do not expect many people to see 3D movies on a laptop" - says Baker.

Analysts point out that the transfer of 3D quality of the contents in a bandwidth greater than normal. This could limit the 3D movies and 3D games on-line options of the transmission line for the house. It is also not accelerate the spread of the purposes to serve termozizas. Not only annoying, but - at least at the hardware level - the compatibility of all that, RealD Xpand and NVIDIA differently structured active and passive polarized SONY VGP-BPS22 glasses LCD screen that can be used in any TV. (Note that the 3D Full HD Blu-ray and a variety of hardware implementations of today there is a conflict is to play the system all the albums in 3D Blu-ray.) If, then, is a manufacturer of consumer electronics and technology for is selected, no additional leave, it will be received, but also agree, for something, because the chance to play the movie.

In any case, we need somewhere in the Middle 3D models start of the new notebooks, all good ways to improve the knowledge about technologies, but also a variety of contents are distributed in preparation.

Lithium-ion battery and battery charger reference design

Presentation

The portable electronic work with the battery. With the rapid development of mobile products, has increased the amount of the battery, and a lot of new batteries. In addition, we are more familiar with the alkaline batteries, rechargeable nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, not in recent years of large lithium-ion. This will introduce lithium-ion, including knowledge of the properties, the key parameters, applications and provide the last line of lithium-ion Dell Inspiron 1200 Battery design reference.

Development and application of lithium batteries

Lithium batteries are currently the most common battery is new, in accordance with the requirements of various electronic products in a flat, rectangular, are cylindrical, rectangular converted, and a button that you can insert a low-power applications can use also multistage series-parallel combination to be a higher voltage and capacity of HP elitebook 2530p Battery power tools and laptop computers. Lithium-ion can be a gel electrolyte, the polymer (Li-Ion / Li-polymer), or a mixture of polymer gels. Why not at room temperature, the actual supply lithium-ion polymer is, most lithium ion / polymer battery is actually a combination of gel-polymer hybrid battery.

Lithium batteries are different from chemical batteries, loading and unloading of his work through the process of integrating the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion battery and scope, while recharging the battery, the cathode generation Lithium-ion generation lithium ion moves to the cathode through the electrolyte. Since the carbon anode was layered structure, has many pores, reaching negative electrode of lithium-ion layer of porous carbon, integrated lithium-ion, more resilience built. Similarly, if the battery （Dell Inspiron Mini 1012 Battery）is low, the carbon layer embedded in the cathode of lithium-ion extrusion, and again at the cathode. Back to the cathode of the discharge capacity lithium-ion is higher. In general, we refer to the battery capacity refers to the drainage capacity. The charge-discharge process, lithium ions in the cathode to the anode to the cathode, the cycle of movement. Since the lithium-ion battery（Dell Vostro 1310 Battery） lithium-ion state rather than lithium metal, with a low risk, high security use.

Characteristics of the battery

Performance parameters of the battery are the strength, skill, energy and power. Electromotive force equal to the unit positive charge from the anode to the cathode of the battery, the battery is not static (chemical forces) at work. Electromotive force depends on the chemical nature of electrode materials, and size of the battery. This is the total output of the battery, the battery capacity, usually in ampere-hours.

The response of the cell containing the substance per kg of product with the current theoretical specific energy of the battery. Refers to the energy per unit weight or unit volume specific energy stored Wh / kg or Wh / L to represent. WH is a unit of energy, WW, h is the hour in kg (weight), L is the liter (volume). The real power of the Dell Vostro 1500 Battery, the theoretical specific energy than small ones. Because the battery is not all reagents in the reaction after the battery while the battery internal resistance causes a voltage drop. On the other hand, the current through the battery reduces the cross-section through the resistance. Lithium-ion is the highlight of today's high-tech lithium-ion energy can reach over 80 kg ~ 120 Wh /, while the traditional lead-acid battery is only 30 ~ 40 Wh / kg, and lithium - ion battery can store energy in a small format, can only bring out the light for mobile computing devices and applications demanding the life of the electric vehicle.

The following list contains some properties of lithium-ion battery: High capacity Li-Ion is the same weight capacity of nickel-cadmium or nickel metal hydride, half the volume is 20-30% of the nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen from 35 to 50%.

● high-voltage lithium-ion battery voltage of 3.7 V (nominal), the equivalent of three sets of nickel-cadmium or nickel metal hydride batteries.

● High stability: Due to non-lithium, low-risk, and therefore beyond the reach of the operators of aircraft to the limit to implement the plan.

● Long life lithium-ion batteries， battery dell vostro 1500 are fully charged, the voltage drop of about 4.2 volts, the discharge voltage is stored, but not less than about 2.5 volts, the voltage of the voltage plant, about 3 to 6 to 3.7 volts. The key number for the life of the burden of a life long lithium-ion battery of approximately 500 times (from 2.5 volts to 4.2 volts charged only counted once), and the memory effect of lithium -ion ​​battery is not present.

● Quick charge a nominal voltage of 4.2 V DC voltage / constant current charger can be lithium-ion-1 to 2.5 hours at full load. Note, if the charging voltage of 4.3 volts or more, there is the danger of an explosion. The battery voltage drops below 2.0 volts, the loss of lithium-ion battery, can not use or being charged.

Charging the battery

Can "to solve the load IC," say the above, although requiring lithium batteries ，Vostro 2510 Battery with high power and benefits of long life, but the loading and unloading aspects of attention to all the lithium- ion recharge and discharge set the border to ensure that the battery voltage through the security of explosion if the battery voltage to avoid causing reduced production below 2.5 V on the life the battery. In addition a number of standards, sees most of the lithium battery of different sizes for the practical application of basic properties are not the same, so the current project is supported by some manufacturers. Depending on the size of the loading mode charging current so-called fast or slow, you can download the current mode is generally harmful to life. Even if the battery contained in a charging circuit for the integrated management, but only to avoid the explosion of the battery or the minimum measures to protect against burns, rather than normal use, to fully realize the Inspiron 2650 Battery and the efficiency ", the rest of this sophisticated design and Chargers lower limits as well.

In addition to the excessive discharge, lithium batteries are not suitable for high pressure discharge lamps, high relief reduces the discharge time (internal temperature will produce a greater loss of energy). Therefore, the maximum battery manufacturer's specific products currently in use less than the maximum discharge current. Lithium-ion for the needs of high quality require sophisticated Inspiron 1525 Battery charging circuit for the security, in particular, to stop the charge voltage accuracy of 1% of the nominal value (eg 4.2 V lithium ion tolerance of ± 0.042V) below circuit voltage lithium-ion battery can cause permanent damage, severe cases leading to the explosion of the battery, lithium-ion battery as specified by the manufacturer of the battery . Although some of the rated load current of the battery 2C (C is the battery capacity 1000mAh, 1C charge when the charge current is 1A is checked), but the load reduces the battery life at high currents, so that the density of ~ 0.25c 1C general use. To produce by the head of the electrochemical reaction to heat, the energy loss to other lithium batteries are not all consistent with the load in constant voltage mode here, so real-time charge of approximately 2 , 5 hours, lithium ion temperature between 0 ℃ ~ 60 ℃. Excessive load current is generated when the temperature is too high, not only cause damage to the battery and an explosion. Therefore, the current capacity, detecting the temperature of the Inspiron 1545 Battery, and if the temperature along a levy on the task of adopting security. In addition to the load circuit, the current limiting resistor to ensure that the load current is not the limit of the current intersection.

Lithium-ion battery is often three-step method of collection, pre-load (pre-charge mode), a (fast charge mode) at constant current, constant voltage (constant voltage mode) are used. Discontinuation of lithium-ion battery discharge voltage of 2.5. May well designed battery chargers to determine the battery power that pre-treatment before the formal charges to spare. Supported by the demonstration of the battery if the battery voltage greater than 3V as a function of normal load and the battery Inspiron 1720 Battery voltage drops below 3V, the scene of a low current (about 10% of the load current, in constant current mode) is called the burden of pre-charge mode, so the depth of discharge in a state of dissolution of the passive film restored. In addition to causing excessive discharge when the battery can cause, and a whole bunch "of copper anode in a short-circuit currents in excess of strength in this time, the overheating of the Inspiron 1521 Battery, but pre-loaded at this stage to avoid. 3V or other expenses, while the normal mode, the load voltage constant.

If the battery voltage greater than 3V, depending on the load characteristics of the normal load of Figure 1 (a 4.2 V lithium-ion battery, for example). He began to load in constant current mode, the battery voltage to rise to a faster increase of the slope, with the increase of the battery, the Vostro 1500 Battery gradually decreases the slope of the voltage rise to about 4 , 2 V, constant current is over. Change a constant voltage charger is 4.2 V, constant voltage phase of charging voltage is almost constant, but the decrease of the load current. If the load current to a value to activate the timer, the timer is a period after the loading process succeeds.

Constant charging voltage accuracy of the Inspiron 6000 Battery output voltage with a maximum capacity of the battery and autonomy are important. If the battery voltage falls below 4.2V, the charger can cause a breakdown, if not, your life, but it makes the battery capacity is reduced. For example, as the state of charge is less than 1% of the total voltage of the battery capacity is reduced to 8%. On the other hand, the battery voltage is too high, reduce congestion and battery life, or even that the user is in danger. To ensure the safety of lithium-ion battery allows you to charge the battery when the ambient temperature between 0 ℃ ~ 45 ℃. Charged at a lower temperature, lithium, the impedance of the battery and the deterioration of the battery. In a high temperature environment for charging, the electrolyte increases the reaction with lithium and accelerated deterioration.

Generally, we recommend that long ago, if not used, put the battery from 70 to 80% for storage should be kept. It is a long period of natural drainage of the battery voltage to prevent the sub-ion 2.0 volts, which can not be a failure of the lithium ions are used. Often short of lithium batteries with loading and unloading is often used, life expectancy reduced by about half.

Lithium-ion battery is designed to taste

To answer these products at low power chargers for portable applications more accurate and safer, many chip manufacturers to develop low-cost linear charger. 2 is loaded by Kerry Technology LD6275 example circuit design, some parts of the linear circuit of the load independently, the maximum current of 1.5 A is.

LD6275 is integrated linear Li-Ion battery charger integrated circuits, route of administration is active, the load currents in the case of loading / unloading, the adjustment in the Inspiron 6400 Battery life in real-time monitoring input and ongoing management (eg, power output USB port), in accordance with USB - If the call default limit current and soft start function. In addition, a high-temperature measurement IC when the temperature exceeds the set value IC. Automatically reduces the charging current to the chip damage.

Avoid LD6275 AC adapter / USB 5V DC step-down constant current lithium-ion battery, AC adapter for protection against overcurrent due to overload, you can set the maximum current strength RCISET external load. USB also supports the loading, and are determined on the basis of external pins EN1 and EN2, see Table 1 for each mode. The USB 500mA mode 100mA in USB mode, you can protect the USB port on the PC side, to prevent overloading.

MAh under the assumption of a single supply voltage of 5.5 V Li-Ion 1200, 0.7 ℃ under the conditions of Dell Latitude D820 Battery voltage and 3V raging current, an estimate of the maximum operating temperature IC This 1.762W max power is the thermal resistance at 60 ℃ / W, 3 x 3 mm QFN Temperature 127 ℃ temperature, even when the ambient temperature of 0 ℃, 125 ℃ exceed silicon chip, the maximum temperature. When the load current of 0.6 A (0.5 C), the chip temperature of 90 degrees, and at room temperature of 35 degrees is much better to operate together now.

Can learn from him, faster than the carrying value of the operation voltage constant current and constant, it is important for a linear charger. The fundamental problem is a linear charger when the temperature of the chip is higher, so the design must compromise between the load current and the heat sink. But often, the application of the linear charger for portable products is slightly higher than the use of low thermal conductivity of the plastic should not believe no heat sink metal design of the final product and reduce the load current increases the load at a lower temperature of operation. Users of portable products in the hope that in 1 or 2 hours after completion of the loading process, so that a linear charger is usually best suited for applications such as low capacity 1500mAh lithium-ion battery. Apply to the high XPS M1730 Battery input / output voltage difference and applications of high performance battery, you should consider using the charger synchronous switching regulator.

Figure 6 shows the battery charger lithium ion, standard load, the load of the first integrated circuit short-circuit output and the type of protection against overloads detects if everything is normal, the system detects that the battery 3V 3V or more of the first fast charge mode directly to the ICU, when the Studio XPS 16 Battery drops below 3V to enter into an agreement for the pre-load and 10% of fast charge, the battery alarm to avoid damage the battery. Cut saw in the pre-load and the battery voltage at any time in the 3V immediately after the fast charge mode.

n, the fast charge mode, the battery voltage to a growth rate of 4.2 V, then reduce to a constant charging voltage of 4.2 V, the internal resistance of the battery current to Bunsen, when the load current as shown in Figure Stadium the first CV. Over time, the load current decreases exponentially when the current rate ICHG 10%, or down by the shipper at the same time as loading is completed.

However, if the BatteryDell Inspiron 1300 is discharged, can not store the battery in positions of power, the current does not increase depression, full of energy as heat, high temperature protection, and more time in Apart from several trusts, CI had internal timer of death, or when the battery voltage at the office time to adjust, then turn the charger to a security feature of multi-user access.

The user can load when the load is not without the power of what was to complete a battery. To avoid the risk of IC must be submitted in 7, 8 batteries detection methods. IC, a short pulse (2 ms pulse is generated every 370m) to take the battery if the battery is present, then the battery voltage must be detected above a predetermined threshold and if the battery will be responsible for IC detects a low voltage battery and unplug the Battery For Dell Latitude E6510 power for the safety of our users to be determined.

Lithium-ion batteries for its unique performance advantages in portable devices such as laptops, cameras, mobile communication is widely used. The new generation of lithium-polymer battery that can be done in the form of fines, and a region of arbitrary shape, greater flexibility in the design of the battery. Meanwhile,  lithium-ion polymer Dell Inspiron 9300 Battery increases energy than current lithium batteries usually about 20% capacity, and other aspects of performance lithium-ion environment can be improved. It is expected that the future of battery Lithium-ion faster, more robust protection for future development trends.