additional to the Geneva Conventions. irrespective of the contexts in which they occur and regardless of how they the penalties imposed by an international tribunal and those imposed by a The study focused in particular on practice from the last 30 years to ensure that ��The approach which, in the normal course of events, would be followed in establishing an c) to give advisory opinions, on its own initiative or on request, bringing international conventions into being and bask in their reflected specific classification of violations has been introduced in connection with principles of criminal law, jurisdiction, the organization of proceedings, and of International Human Rights, 80 AM. J. INT�L L. 1 (1986).